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The principles and elements of art are important from the artist's point of view because a person can't create art without utilizing at least a few of them. No elements, no art. From the viewer's point of view, the principles and elements allow us to:
• Describe what an artist has done
• Analyze what is going on in a particular piece
• Communicate our thoughts and findings in a common language
The aspect of communication is extremely important in all areas of intellectual study. Musicians can talk about the key of "A" and know the sound it represents. Mathematicians know that "algorithm" means a step-by-step procedure for carrying out computation. The principles and elements of art are a shorthand to describe a quality that good art possesses.
In the previous article, I talked about the first of the principles, Balance. I would like to examine the seven other principles: Harmony, Unity, Dominance, Contrast, Repetition, Variation, and Graduation in this and the next two articles. I will start with Harmony and Unity.
Harmony is sometimes left out of lists of principles of art because it is often seen as the same as the principle of Unity. However they are not the same. Harmony leads to Unity but is distinctly different. Harmony is concerned with combining similar art elements to create a pleasing appearance. Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the artwork, creating a sense of completeness. Harmony creates a dynamic equilibrium between elements that balances the work from having extreme unity leading to under stimulation (or boredom) with having extreme complexity that leads to overstimulation (or confusion).
Quite simply, harmony in painting is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar, related elements. There are many examples of harmony in well-known paintings, but I would like to reference Van Gogh as exemplary in this principle. In his "Starry Sky", the sky and the earth and the trees sway in harmony throughout the painting. He creates a unity throughout the painting by the use of harmonious strokes with his brush, the undulating shapes, and the harmony of analogous colors. This painting is like a musical composition - complimentary layers and effects are joined to produce an attractive whole. In music, a note has harmony when you play more notes to make a chord. So it is in painting. There is a certain flow due to similarity of the various parts of the work. When a piece has harmony, it feels less complicated and easier for the eye to take everything in.
Harmony leads to Unity. Unity is the quality of oneness. Try placing a piece of paper over a part of Degas's "Blue Dancers" (or any of Degas's paintings). If you remove any part of the painting, the unity is disturbed. Unity exists when the elements that fit into the whole become vital to it. Unity may also refer to the integration of the theme of a piece into the whole of the painting. Goya's dramatic themes of war and chaos were unified into the equally dramatic movement of his forms and the contrasts in value throughout the paintings.
Take time to search out the harmony and unity in works of art. Try to determine how the harmony pulls the pieces of a visual image together making all parts of the image relate to and complement each other creating a unity to the painting. How does the artist emphasis what is important? He eliminates non-essential or unimportant elements and details which don't really contribute to the essence of the overall composition.
To summarize, Harmony creates Unity which is achieved in a painting by using similar elements throughout the work...harmony gives an uncomplicated look to the painting.
In the next article, we will examine Dominance and Contrast.
If you would like to see examples of my abstract and representational artwork, go to http://www.triciastudio.com
Bamboo Chinese Brush Painting ("Sumi-e" in Japanese)
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