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The Facts About Chinese Surnames
Over the centuries, Chinese surnames were a privilege denied a great many commoners. As recently as 2,000 years ago in China, using a family name was an honor reserved for nobility. Even when those restrictions were eased, mere commoners were only allowed to call themselves by certain names. Elite names were reserved for the aristocracy.
Rules regarding adopting a surname were stringent, bound by tradition, bureaucratic regulations and the privileges of birth. Back during the Warring States Period, around 500 B. C., only the emperor and privileged nobility could attach surnames (called "xing") to their Chinese name. Additionally, sub-surnames (called "shi") designated seniority and importance among the aristocracy.
When commoners were eventually allowed to adopt family names, one could not take on just any name. Surnames used by the aristocracy were prohibited. Thus, many commoners called themselves by the town or fiefdom where they lived. Others took on the name of their profession, the name of a noteworthy ancestor or the name of their ethnic group.
Expressing Chinese surnames in English or other Western languages raises a number of transliteration issues, not the least of which is pronunciation. The surname Zheng is occasionally pronounced in English as Chang, Cheng, Chung, Tsang, Zeng and Zheng. While more than 14,000 surnames are on record, thousands have become extinct, the result of a family having no heir to perpetuate their name.
Today, there are more than 14,000 Chinese surnames. However, the 100 most frequent are shared by 85 percent of the populace. Close to 300 million Chinese bear the three most common surnames, Li, Wang and Zhang, which are the most used family names on Earth. The slang Chinese phrase "some Zhang, some Li" means "just about anybody."
Today most Chinese families utilize the father's birth surname, but not necessarily in traditional order -- with the family name first, the given name last. For example, Chinese human rights activist Henry Wu, puts his surname after his given name -- in Western fashion.
Today most Chinese families utilize the father's birth surname. After marriage, most Chinese women take their husband's family name, which is also given to the children. However, just as elsewhere in the world, growing numbers of Chinese women are shrugging off such tradition and keeping the surname they were born with.
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